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Write My Essay You can ask a manager for information on the order. This feature allows the client to control the quality of the work in advance. Additionally, we extremely value your opinions and recommendations about the final work you received. We use cookies to provide you with a good service. However, the extras they say they include should be included anyway. Have a problem with finishing a descriptive, persuasive or narrative essay? Get relevant and interesting, authentic and accurate, mistake free essay. Have your MLA or APA in-text citation done for you. Let me put it this way â€" the best service if you count your money and care what your teacher will say to you. PrivacyWe keep all information on essay projects strictly confidential. “We do not condone, encourage or knowingly take part in plagiarism or any other acts of academic fraud,” it said. Really useful in making sure you choose the right service. They charge around £130 for a standard essay, which comes out higher than most. This service’s website offers an awful lot, but it’s difficult to find anything, thanks to its cluttered design. When you order from this service, they say that they throw in a lot of extras for free. We can cooperate with any customer on the long-term basis. The number of our clients is constantly growing. Many of them keep coming back and enjoy various discounts and bonuses. You can constantly track the performance of the order. She has a BA and a Master’s Degree in Sociology, but she loves writing on anything in the social sciences. She loves what she does because every day she learns something new. Sign in to your account to see your referral code. When one of your friends makes an essay order on our site using your referral code, you will receive $40 off your next order, and your friend will receive $20 off of theirs. No more switching between applications when creating an idea map, writing content or referencing, so all work is productive. By using this website, you agree with our Cookie policy. You are allowed to request a revision as many times as you wish unless it contradicts the company's regulations. Before you approve the received paper, make sure it meets all your requirements. We guarantee a refund if any requirement is not followed. Our editorial team handles a Free Revision of your essay upon request. You find there is something you want to be changed in your paper? And if you need an original piece of writing completed specially for you, this will have its price. All my requirements were taking into consideration. The best their past customers can say is that they remembered to proofread. Offers a lot of ‘free’ extras, but they would already be included in the service. The best reason this service can give you for going with them is that they’re registered with the HMRC, the UK’s tax agency.

Write My Essay

Write My Essay You can ask a manager for information on the order. This feature allows the client to control the quality of the work in advance. Additionally, we extremely value your opinions and recommendations about the final work you received. We use cookies to provide you with a good service. However, the extras they say they include should be included anyway. Have a problem with finishing a descriptive, persuasive or narrative essay? Get relevant and interesting, authentic and accurate, mistake free essay. Have your MLA or APA in-text citation done for you. Let me put it this way â€" the best service if you count your money and care what your teacher will say to you. PrivacyWe keep all information on essay projects strictly confidential. “We do not condone, encourage or knowingly take part in plagiarism or any other acts of academic fraud,” it said. Really useful in making sure you choose the right service. They charge around £130 for a standard essay, which comes out higher than most. This service’s website offers an awful lot, but it’s difficult to find anything, thanks to its cluttered design. When you order from this service, they say that they throw in a lot of extras for free. We can cooperate with any customer on the long-term basis. The number of our clients is constantly growing. Many of them keep coming back and enjoy various discounts and bonuses. You can constantly track the performance of the order. She has a BA and a Master’s Degree in Sociology, but she loves writing on anything in the social sciences. She loves what she does because every day she learns something new. Sign in to your account to see your referral code. When one of your friends makes an essay order on our site using your referral code, you will receive $40 off your next order, and your friend will receive $20 off of theirs. No more switching between applications when creating an idea map, writing content or referencing, so all work is productive. By using this website, you agree with our Cookie policy. You are allowed to request a revision as many times as you wish unless it contradicts the company's regulations. Before you approve the received paper, make sure it meets all your requirements. We guarantee a refund if any requirement is not followed. Our editorial team handles a Free Revision of your essay upon request. You find there is something you want to be changed in your paper? And if you need an original piece of writing completed specially for you, this will have its price. All my requirements were taking into consideration. The best their past customers can say is that they remembered to proofread. Offers a lot of ‘free’ extras, but they would already be included in the service. The best reason this service can give you for going with them is that they’re registered with the HMRC, the UK’s tax agency.

Financial Crisis First Second Third Generation - 1100 Words

Financial Crisis - First Second Third Generation Models of Currency Crisis (Essay Sample) Content: WritingFinancial Crisis-First Second Third Generation Models of Currency CrisisCustomers NameCustomers Grade CourseCustomer tutors NameDateAbstractOver the years, the world has been faced by a number of problems ranging from economic meltdowns to currency crises. For instance, the post war periods have been faced with a lot of these due to a number of economic downplays which have been faced as a result of population explosion and other political factors. The year of 2008 saw very many nations struggling with the greatest economic downplay of all time, which was able to affect the greatest majority of nations across the world. As well, the issue of currency crises also came calling in the countries hence leading to the development of models aimed in explaining much about the currency crises. This paper therefore is a discussion on the strengths and weaknesses of the second and third generation currency crisis models. There is also a better explanation of the model whi ch defines much of the 2008 crisis. Financial Crisis-First Second Third Generation Models of Currency Crisis After the world war periods, the world was faced by a very fatal financial crisis. Basically, the currency crisis which has been faced presently is an episode which sees the global exchange rates depreciating substantially within the shortest time possible. Different models have thus been brought forth which have the ability of explaining the occurrence of the crisis and how it can be solved (David Scott, 2008). These models have been in great semblance with the first generations form of models which were postulated by Garber and Flood in the early 1980s. The second generation forms of models have been seen to exhibit a number of multiple equilibria which come up with speculative kinds of attacks which might reduce the expectations and similar incidences. Towards addressing the problem faced, the banks do minimize all the quadratic losses depending on the rates of inflation . In this kind of model as stipulated by Obstfeld, the level within the countrys output shall be determined by the government in which it shall determine the rates of exchange to be plastic or fixed. The government through the central bank does validate the currency flows, something which is unexpectedly done through valuation and devaluation mechanisms (David Scott, 2008). The most unique aspect with this model is that it does assume much on the fundamentals of common knowledge. With the above strengths with the second generation models, it has also been necessary to note that the model does not give substantial definition and explanation on how the crises do come along while embarking much on the solutions which can be adopted to the crises (Krugman, 2009). As well, the models do not come into terms with the changing economic imbalances which have been faced currently and how the crises can be addressed during the time of economic crisis like the one of the 2008. Also, the centra l banks have been seen to have the only role which can alleviate the problem, something which is not always true. In that case, the development of the third generation models on currency crises was explained and being able to address the major weaknesses which were seen with the first and second generation models (Frenkel Karmann, 2009). However, since most of the global currencies have been known to have crisis which have been coinciding with the financial sector, there was the need or motivation of propagating these effects through coming up with better models which would be known as the third generation models on currency crises. Such models were able to effectively emphasize on the effects which come as a result of the balance sheet. Basically, these models have been able to come up with appropriate strategies through which the exposures on the balance sheet might lead to a currency and banking crisis (Shimpalee, 2009). The models have as well been noted to come up with argumen ts that the main approach in...

Constitutions, Whether Democratic, Transitional, Or...

Constitutions, whether democratic, transitional, or authoritarian among others, all serve a few common goals and purposes. The most recognizable purposes of a constitution typically include political and social structure in the form of judicial and legislative processes and civil rights. The goal is often to guide, give, and limit power in ways that benefit the current political elites and limit their potential rivals. Just as Galligan and Versteeg wrote in Theoretical Perspectives, â€Å"One of the primary goals of any constitution, after all, is to create, channel, and monitor power.† These pieces of the constitutional puzzle are an integral part of what makes a constitution a sort of â€Å"power map†. A constitution is in large part a country’s,†¦show more content†¦This is the same concept in the case of â€Å"wing clipping† by elite constitution makers. Given a situation where the current powerful political party is concerned about losing pow er to their opposing party, the powerful political party will include a series of restraints in the constitution to prevent the other party from having excessive powers, or enough power to accomplish anything against the current status quo. It is a form of political insurance that many constitution makers, like those of Portugal in the mid-1970s, take advantage of (20, Gilligan and Versteeg). It is also important to note in the analysis of the â€Å"power map† that timing and political events play an important role in shaping the structure of a constitution. Elites losing power, as suggested by Hirschl, or major transitions that induce electoral uncertainty as suggested by Ginsburg, are often causes of constitutional change. Hirschl claims that this creates a constitution that reflects the interests of the losing elites, while just as reasonably, Ginsburg proports that the constitution will be a document of constraints caused by electoral uncertainty. In reality, a constituti on is often a mixture of both interests and constraints. Sometimes these interests are entrenched into the constitutional document as values, removing them from the scope of ordinary legislature and discreetly preserving theShow MoreRelatedThe Arab Spring : A New Movement1587 Words   |  7 Pagesand high unemployment created by their authoritarian governments. The movement swept throughout the Middle East and Northern Africa. The Egyptian Revolution of 2011, the Libyan Revolt of 2011, and the Syrian Uprising of 2011 were the aftershocks of the Tunisian Jasmine Revolution. Thus, these movements were grouped into the Arab Spring – a new movement dedicated to reform. Prior to the Arab Spring and still in Syria Libya, Egypt, and Syria had authoritarian leaders who ruled with an iron fist. BrotherlyRead MoreThe Philippines and Democracy2439 Words   |  10 Pagesnewly democratized developing states. The Philippines has been directly influenced by the United States in developing its autonomy as a democracy. Because of continuing corruption and dynastic rule, contradictions in political culture, and semi-authoritarian rule the Philippines is still far from a representative democracy and will take many more years before they do. Background always forms the backbone of current structure. For this reason it is important to value the history of the influencingRead MoreThe Arab Spring2129 Words   |  9 Pages‘Arab Spring’, people are still questioning themselves whether any of the countries involved has had any positive outcome or if they ever will. Comparisons between the similarities and contrasts of the different states emerged with the very first agitations in the areas. Also nowadays, the international community risks to come up with generalised prophecies based on the worst scenarios. In fact, despite the original opposition to the authoritarian rule, common to all the uprisings, we need to be awareRead MoreEssay about Democratic Peace Theory3056 Words   |  13 Pages‘On Perpetual Peace’, however, only in the early 1980s and with the writings of Michael Doyle was the idea consolidated. According to Doyle and other advocates of the democratic peace theory, liberal democratic s tates have been able to maintain peaceful relations amongst themselves, but are prone to wage war against non-democratic regimes. In order to prove this theory, vast databases have been constructed of historical dyadic relationships between states as well as detailed breakdowns of incidentsRead More Has Political Islam Failed In Algeria? 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Because everyone agreed about the goals of colonization and largely agreed about the means of colonizing, early modern colonization was necessarilyRead MoreEffects of Corruption in the Phil.14311 Words   |  58 Pagesthe information, we have come up with the results and the major effects of corruption to our economy. Part 1: DEFINITION OF CORRUPTION AND ITS CAUSE WHAT IS CORRUPTION? Corruption involves behavior on the part of officials in the public sector, whether politicians or civil servants, in whom they improperly and unlawfully enrich themselves, or those close to them by misuse of the public power entrusted to them. There are two types of corruption: 1. State capture/grand corruption is the conditionRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesorganization culture: when there is insufficient conflict Understanding the purpose of the organization and embedding it in the culture Critical theory and psychoanalysis present challenging perspectives for organizational design Social democracy and the democratic organization Democracy, rationality and power A psychodynamic perspective on design – create the boundaries Critical theory and psychoanalysis challenge understandings of leadership and management Conclusions 330 330 332 332 332 339 340 341Read MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesmigrants into Southeast Asia before 1940 moved to rural areas.8 All of this was tied to the veritable revolution in mass transportation and communication that made the mass movement of people possible after the midnineteenth century.9 Migrants (whether domestic or external) in turn built more railroad lines (which increased worldwide from 8,000 kilometers in the 1840s to more than a million by 1914) and steamers (whose tonnage increased twenty times over the same period). These transportationRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesBecome So Popular? 308 Differences Between Groups and Teams 309 Types of Teams 310 Problem-Solving Teams 310 †¢ Self-Managed Work Teams 310 †¢ Cross-Functional Teams 311 †¢ Virtual Teams 312 Creating Effective Teams 312 Context: What Factors Determine Whether Teams Are Successful 313 †¢ Team Composition 315 †¢ Team Processes 319 Turning Individuals into Team Players 322 Selecting: Hiring Team Players 323 †¢ Training: Creating Team Players 324 †¢ Rewarding: Providing Incentives to Be a Good Team Player 324

Case Study Toys, Inc. - 1053 Words

This case focuses on Toys, Inc., a 20 year old company that manufactures toys and board games. The company has established a good reputation due to the innovation and quality of the products (Stevenson, 2015). In the recent years the company has been experiencing decreasing profits and sales due to several issues. Take the role of a consultant who has been called in for advice by the company president, Marybeth Corbella. What do you recommend? The company has several options. As the consultant, here are some recommendations that will help the company with their predicament. One of the main problem is the defective part that the customers. The company can collect data directly from the customers by sending out questionnaires in the mail. Questionnaires â€Å"consists of a set of questions presented to respondents. Because of its flexibility, it is by far the most common instrument used to collect primary data† (Kotler Keller, 2012, p.104). Doing this the company can gather data about the defective parts and find out what the problem. With the questionnaire the company can deduce if the problem has to do with product quality, a manufacturer defect, or is it due to customer misuse. By gathering this data the can put in place a strategic plan to correct the plan and thus increase cus tomer satisfaction and sales. When evaluating a company and a problem, a very important tool to use is SWOT Analysis. It is a strength-weaknesses-opportunities-threats assessments, and it â€Å"isShow MoreRelatedThe Galaxy Toys, Inc. Case Study1330 Words   |  6 Pagesgoals and objectives developed by the production managers was conducted to provide a relevant list of goals and objectives. This paper serves a third review of the Galaxy Toys, Inc. case study which will cover the last three functions of the P-O-L-C, Organizing, Leading, and Controlling. 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The company’s core product lines included Barbie fashion dolls, Hot Wheels die- cast vehicles, Fisher-Price preschool toys along with Disney toys and games like Scrabble (Johnson, 2010). Summer of 2007, Mattel, a global leader in toy manufacturing was faced with a tough chal lenge of restoring their consumer confidence following several recalls of their toys made in China. Mattel known for possessingRead MoreCase Study : Dollar Tree Logistics902 Words   |  4 Pages SCHM 6211 Supply Chain Management-Transportation CASE STUDY 1: Dollar Tree Logistics Submitted by: Sharabh Kochar (NUID: 001630222) Company Background Dollar Tree Stores, Inc. is the largest retailer among low-price convenient variety stores in the United States. Selling all of their merchandise at the one dollar or less price range, the company’s stores offers a wide variety of general goods, including food, housewares, health and beauty products, hardware, cleaning supplies, andRead MoreEssay about Case Studyabington-Hill Toys1219 Words   |  5 PagesCase Study: Abington-Hill Toys Title: Abington-Hill Toys, Inc Part I. Introduction Abington-Hill Toys, Inc has been assigned a new president Vernon Albright due to the death of Lewis Hill. The financial condition slowly deteriorated as Mr. Hill was running the company’s final years. Mr. Albright was brought in because the founders of the companies did not have a son or daughter that was willing to the take on the role of the new president. Mr. Albright took it upon him to take the leadership

Alan Freed History of Rock Music free essay sample

At the time Rock Roll was an urban African American term for sex, I think Alan realized that the popular white culture would be turned off by the term RB, which was mainly associated with black artists, so he decided to give it a different name and expose that style of music to the general public. His radio name and nickname was Monody. These were also the names of his non-segregated concerts in which black and white teenagers came to listen to good rock roll regardless of the singers color. Monody Balls were very popular and drew much criticism from white parents.At the first Monody Ball over 25,000 kids, mostly who tie, wowed up in the March of 1925 in Cleveland. I believe that what Freed did was good as far as opening people up to racially diverse music and not really listening to what the media had to say about it, including things like he was promoting jungle music, which negatively referred to African-American music. We will write a custom essay sample on Alan Freed: History of Rock Music or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After his DC career in Cleveland, Freed transferred to a larger radio station, WINS, in New York City. This was a good move because it gave him the opportunity to expose larger masses Of people to his non-racially censored music.Freed was against hat were called white covers. White covers were black songs that were re-made by a white artist so they could be played on the larger, more popular white radio stations because these radio stations were not supposed to play songs by blacks. Think this further promoted non- segregated music during the asss and helped blacks win civil rights in general due to the fact that Freed was showing that black music wasnt bad or immoral and could be played on mainstream radio stations.Due to his non-racist attitude, he gained many enemies in the music industry and the media, though most of his enemies were big shot record company executives. He refused to play white covers and I believe this was an awesome stand he had because so many young people loo ked up to him and enjoyed listening to his radio programs. Some of his enemies were involved in the accusation that Freed received payola during his career, which believe was just an excuse to try to get him fired so the air-waves would be clean of his non-racist program.Payola was a term that referred to a Dos acceptance of money for he favor of playing their song on the radio. Though Freed refused to sign a paper asserting that he never received any payola, I dont think he was the type of person who would do such a thing regularly anyway, like most Dos of the time did. However, he was charged with twenty-six counts of commercial bribery, which was a good way to get him off of the radio. This accusation basically ruined his career which was a shame because he was one of the first real good Dos.

The Christian Fundamentalist Movement free essay sample

As it exists in America, the Christian fundamentalist movement is comprised of Protestant evangelical fundamentalists who seek a complete restructuring of the social and political order, so that all proceeding generations may be brought up in accordance with their doctrine. The most central tenet to their movement is the idea that their sacred scripture, the Bible, is indisputably inerrant, and provides a strict set of rules and guidelines that can be applied to a person in any context. In Martin Marty’s anthology â€Å"The Fundamentalism Project,† he explores the role that fundamentalism plays in politics, the family, and society as whole. Understanding that â€Å"fundamentalism† is a word often misused or wrongly attributed to certain groups, Marty’s works primarily aim at distinguishing the term, and illustrating it’s distinct origin. Furthermore, he describes the integral role of women in sustaining a movement that is essentially patriarchal, and helps us to see how this fits into Manuel Castells notion that the patriarchal family may soon be a thing of the past. We will write a custom essay sample on The Christian Fundamentalist Movement or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Defining and Distinguishing â€Å"Fundamentalism† Fundamentalism, in the most general of senses, is a strategy used within religious communities to reclaim their sacred past, and therefore maintain their identity as a distinct group. They refer to selected doctrines and scriptures, which are considered to be the â€Å"fundamentals† of their beliefs. They are zealously driven by a sense of self-preservation, and the need to convert their adversaries (who, in their case, is anyone but themselves) (Marty, 1). Protestant fundamentalists fit this definition well. They emerged in the early 20th century in opposition to, what they considered to be, an increasingly morally corrupt world. They have since continued to revere the â€Å"fundamental† requirements for salvation by basing every aspect of their lives on the perceived â€Å"divinely inspired† writings of the Bible . Several central features of Protestant fundamentalism shape its identity not only as a religious faith, but also as a strict, oppositional, closely-knit social cohort. The first of these is evangelism, which fundamentalists hold to the up-most importance. Since they see only themselves as saved, they xpend most of their energy on convincing outsiders that they must avoid eternal damnation through conversion (to fundamentalism) by broadcasting evangelical messages over radio and television and various other means. Secondly, fundamentalists believe in a strict biblical inerrancy. That is, they claim â€Å"that the only sure path to salvation is through a faith in Jesus Christ that is grounded in unwavering faith in an inerrant Bible,† and that â€Å"the Bible can be trusted to provide an accurate description of science and history, as well as morality and religion† (Ammerman, 5). Hence their upsurge at the turn of the 20th century, when various scientific and philosophical theories (such as Darwinism) that did not adhere to the written word became increasingly accepted, and they sought to turn everyone back to the strict, unwavering accuracy of the scriptures (Moore, 46). Thirdly, fundamentalists are a pre-millennialist group who use their faith in the Bible to â€Å"predict the future,† that is, the coming of the End. This belief provides them with even more motivation to evangelize, because they think there is only a limited time before the second coming of Jesus and thus a limited time to save non-believers before they are condemned to hell. Lastly, separatism is one of the more crucial features of fundamentalism, because it is the basis for how fundamentalists exist in society. They insist that a true believer will not only follow a strict set of guidelines for his or her own life, but will also shun any person who does not share their lifestyle. In fact, it is this desire to ostracize the mainstream population that originally set fundamentalists apart at the emergence of their movement, as they share much in common with closely related factions such as conservative, or evangelical Christianity. For example, fundamentalists agree with conservative Christian’s â€Å"traditional† understanding of such doctrines as the Virgin Birth, the historical accuracy of Jesus’ miracles, and the imminent second coming of Christ. However, not all conservative Christians agree on how one achieves salvation, which is where evangelical Protestantism veers off. While certain conservative Protestants consider themselves â€Å"saved† if they are baptized and active, faithful members of their church, only evangelicals believe that salvation is solely for those who accept Jesus Christ as their savior and devote their lives to living in his name (a tenant crucial to fundamentalism). And, since many evangelicals place revelatory powers in experience, they cannot all be considered fundamentalists who seek revelation through the scriptures alone. But still, for most of the early 20th century, â€Å"fundamentalists† and â€Å"evangelicals† were barely distinguishable; both groups â€Å"preserved and practiced the revivalist heritage of soul winning and maintained a traditional insistence on orthodoxy† (Ammerman, 4). It wasn’t until fundamentalists chose to actively oppose liberalism, secularism, and communism in a militant fashion that they ostracized themselves from the rest of society, which evangelicals sought to remain in. Historical Background of the Fundamentalist Movement In every society social change proceeds at an uneven pace. Some society members embrace change with relish, while others find it oppressive and troubling. And, when people feel that change is being imposed on them, many will find it necessary to resist. Such was the case with America’s earliest fundamentalists. The early 20th Century Fundamentalist Movement sprung from the Great Awakening in objection to its principles of liberal theology, German higher criticism, Darwinism, all which appeared to undermine the Bible’s authority. The growing discontentment of numerous religiously conservative Christians pushed them to unify and organize, aided by the emergence of a twelve volume series between 1910 and 1915 titled The Fundamentals. This collection was conceived by a Southern California oil millionaire and edited by Bible teachers and evangelists. It contained ninety articles, twenty-seven of them devoted to the Bible, which outlined clearly what were thought to be the essential, fundamental beliefs of Christianity that could not be compromised. It detailed fundamentalism’s core tenets, specifically: The inerrancy of the Bible, the literal nature of the Biblical accounts (especially regarding Christs miracles and the  Creation account in Genesis), the Virgin Birth of Christ, the substitutionary atonement of Christ on the cross, and the bodily resurrection of Christ (Witherup, 7). These provided the disunited body of participants with a single set of goals, prompting them to ban together to enact change and essentially transforming fundamentalism into a specific movement. However, throughout the following decade this new religiously conservative coalition against liberalism was merely a nagging voice of dissent, still widely considered bigoted or anti-intellectual, and failed to gain significant credibility (Marsden, 124). Fundamentalists remained divided on several key issues, which prevented them from gaining any real solidarity. For example, while most fundamentalists were mainly concerned with biblical inerrancy, many were more focused on dispensationalism, a eschatological theology concerned with the so-called â€Å"end of times. At this end of the spectrum a â€Å"small group of dispensationalist spokes-men pushed the cultural pessimism to its logical extreme,† who used rhetoric that â€Å"was certainly not in any way connected with positive, progressive reformism† (Marsden, 125). This prevalent face of fundamentalism was in no way appealing to the American public, and was counter-productive to the movement. In 1925, the infamous Scopes â€Å"monkey trial† brought to the forefront of the American Public the clash between modernity and fundamentalists. The trial concerned a high school teacher, John Scopes, who was convicted of teaching the scientific theory of evolution in opposition to the biblical teaching of creation. Though the fundamentalist prosecutor William Jennings Byron won the case, liberal press coverage of this legendary trial ultimately led to a severe loss of public support. Nevertheless, Byron would go on to becoming one of the most popular and appealing faces to the movement, and would continue to fuel its growth. The economic depression of the 1930’s provided a context in which fundamentalism could not easily thrive. Such dark times called for a comforting, optimistic theology†¦characteristics not often attributed to fundamentalism. However, this sense of social crisis brought to the fore moral reformist leaders like William B Riley, who began to stress political change as essential to fundamentalist goals. A number of conservative conferences in  New York City  and Philadelphia led to the formation of a larger and more comprehensive organizations the  World’s Christian Fundamentals Association and the Fundamental Baptists of America. Having also lost control of the denominational seminaries, fundamentalists regrouped around a set of independent Bible institutes and Bible colleges. Many of these schools, such as the  Moody Bible Institute  in Chicago and the  Bible Institute of Los Angeles not only provided instruction to their students but assumed many of the duties formerly performed by denominational institutions. They published periodicals, broadcast from their own  radio stations, held conferences, and maintained a staff of extension speakers. They operated like a denominational headquarters, providing a bond between otherwise isolated congregations (Bruce, 55). Although fundamentalism was pushed to the fringe of the Christian community by the new Evangelical movement, it continued to grow as new leaderships arose. The  Baptist Bible Fellowship, formed in 1950, became one of the largest fundamentalist denominations. By 1975 there were 34 Regional organizations, 16 active military chaplains, 11 student chaplains, 1261 individual members and 614 churches. A total of 28 missionary organizations were members of the IFCA movement. They included 13 church extension missions, 11 home missions, and 4 foreign missions. Five Bible institutes and colleges also were members. Then, in 1979 Jerry Falwell pushed the movement into political sphere by founding the Moral Majority, a civic organization that crusaded against what it viewed as negative cultural trends, especially legalized abortion, the  women’s movement, and the  gay rights movement. It also lobbied for prayer in public schools, increased defense spending, a strong anticommunist  foreign policy, and continued American support for the State of Israel. The Moral Majority led a new generation of fundamentalists beyond simply denouncing cultural trends and back into an engagement with contemporary life in the political arena, a place where they have been quite outspoken for the past couple of decades. For example, fundamentalists were strong supporters of President  George W. Bush  and played an important role in the election of Republicans at all levels of government. They also continued to promote conservative positions on various questions of social policy. They took advantage of the post-cold war liberalist attitude by zealously lobbying for political and moral reform at abortion clinics, funerals for homosexuals, etc, to make their point loud and clear. According to Marty Martin, fundamentalists entered â€Å"a new phase of intense activism in the aftermath of the Gulf War (1990-1991) and the collapse of the Soviet Union, in a world that now seemed beset by an inward turning of peoples, or by antipluralist particularisms† (Marty, 7). Even further fueled by the ultural revolution of the 1960’s and early 70’s, especially the assaults on traditional standards of family and sexuality, fundamentalists sought to completely re-structure American culture. They continued to promote conservative positions on various questions of social policy, and given that their â€Å"end† is in sight, have been increasingly forceful in doing so. In other words, the fundamentalist movements’ participants believe that their t ime is running out to achieve their movement’s goals, therefore they need to take advantage of every opportunity they can. In fact, â€Å"the politicization of fundamentalistic evangelicism in recent decades and its unexpected resilience as a political force points to another larger story in American culture, the weakening of the progressive modern scientific liberal consensus that seemed to be building in the first half of the 20th century† (Marsden, 255). Fundamentalism and The Family According to Marty, the fundamentalist desire to return to a â€Å"sacred past† is the motivation behind their focus on re-establishing â€Å"the family† as a staple of social order. They believe that the â€Å"traditional† family is one reminiscent of 17th century Puritanism, a time when religion played as large a role in society as it should now. Christian fundamentalist see the family as the ultimate authority, as it has become a â€Å"potent symbol of an idealized moral order† (Hardacre, 131). Thus, â€Å"the imperative to ‘return’ to an idealized form of the family is perhaps the highest priority of the fundamentalist social agenda† (Hardacre, 131). They see the family as the divine infrastructure that is the basis for all other institutions in society, and are encouraged by spiritual leaders to make the home a moral haven from a corrupt world. The â€Å"traditional† lifestyle that is so revered by Christian fundamentalists is a patriarchal one, in accordance with the Bible. As a result, women willingly assume the subordinate position which is widely considered anti- feminist. In their idealized family, the husband is the sole breadwinner who exercises final authority in all matters, and the wife’s role is simply to serve her husband, children and God. Additionally, females in fundamentalist households are taught to stifle their sexuality, as it could be used as a tool to manipulate the males in society. And, â€Å"women’s personification of tradition also takes the form of (often explicit) restrictions on their physical movements away from home† (Hardacre, 139). In order to stick with â€Å"tradition,† women are often required to forego education beyond basic literacy, and employment in leading sectors of the economy (and most other professions). Especially from a feminist standpoint, it is oftentimes difficult to see why women would become such passionate advocates for a creed that deepens their subordination to men and requires them to relinquish most of their power. However, within fundamentalism, the female role of motherhood is considered to be the most crucial foundation for the family and society as a whole. Since many fundamentalists chose to homeschool their children, these mothers are also the sole educators for their oftentimes many offspring. And, as a large part of their educational focus is on Biblical study, females are called to pass on the meaning of their sacred scripture to the next generation. So though their perpetuation of patriarchy is widely considered anti-feminist, fundamentalist women do not see themselves as such. Instead, they see themselves as carrying out the ultimate female duty as God calls upon them to do. The Quiverfull movement is a smaller, more recent group who share the same desire for a â€Å"traditional† patriarchal family. They are a movement of people who believe is eschewing all forms of birth control, and willingly accepting as many children as they conceive. Not only are they unwilling to prevent pregnancy, but in the same effort to maintain patriarchy wives are required to engage in sexual intercourse whenever their husband so chooses, oftentimes resulting in frequent reproduction. The basis for their lifestyle is found in Old Testament Bible verses in Psalm 127:3-4 that proclaims â€Å"Lo, children are an heritage of the LORD: and the fruit of the womb is his reward; As arrows are in the hand of a mighty man; so are children of the youth. Happy is the man that hath his  quiver full  of them† (Quiverfull). Despite the premise of their movement being selection from a religious text, the Quiverfull movement is self-described as non-denominational, though it is often described as both evangelical and fundamentalist. Though their members are predominately evangelical (if not evangelical fundamentalists), look closer will see how they really fit in as a subset to the overall fundamentalist movement. As was just mentioned, the foundation of Quiverfull beliefs comes from a literal translation of the Bible, a characteristic of evangelicism and fundamentalism. And, they don’t only base their reproductive habits off of the Bible; Quiverfulls maintain that the Bible is inerrant in it’s entirety. In consequence, Quiverfull families base their familial structure off of the same scriptures that fundamentalists do, creating the same male-headed families. However, it would probably be inaccurate to say that all members of the Quiverfull movement share the same desire for separatism that is characterized in the participants of the fundamentalist movement. The fact that they do not self-describe themselves as Christian fundamentalists (though they do refer to the â€Å"fundamentals†) alone is suggestive of their less-exclusive nature. For example, if I were to decide now that I want no part in birth-control or family planning, and advocated that as the correct way of life, I would be part of the Quiverfull movement despite any of my other personal ideologies. Nevertheless, the premise of the movement coincides with objectives of fundamentalists, so it still can be considered a contribution to the success of the larger Fundamentalist movement as a whole. The Fundamentalists Identity In Castells’ â€Å"The Power of Identity,† he provides three origins of â€Å"identity building,† the basis for the formation of â€Å"purposive collective actions whose outcome, in victory as in defeat, transforms the values and institutions of society† (Castells, 3). One of these, â€Å"resistance identity,† is similar to McAdam’s idea of â€Å"oppositional consciousness. The latter is vital to the success of any social movement, because the creation of a common enemy creates solidarity between its members, allowing them to link their experiences of injustice to their oppressors, thus providing them with a common obstacle. This type of identity-building â€Å"constructs forms of collective resistance against otherwise unbearable oppression, usually on the basis of identities that were, apparently, clearly defined by history, geography, or biology, making it easier to essentialize the boundaries of existence†. In this case, a collective identity is formed in response to dominant institutions or ideologies, just as fundamentalism emerged to combat the scientifically-progressive ideologies of the early 20th century. Fundamentalism is understood to be â€Å"the construction of collective identity under the identification of individual behavior and society’s institutions to the norms derived from God’s law, interpreted by a definite authority that intermediates between God and humanity† (Castells 2, 13). Thus, to be properly perceived by fundamentalists one has to share their commitment to a authority, as they do in respect to patriarchal order and God. Castells also argues that the new global order with its uncontrollable processes of globalization and individualization of identity is accompanied by several brand new demographical tendencies. Among them there are the high rates of divorce, separation, delayed marriages, children born out of wedlock, violence in the family, gay and lesbian couples, single lifestyles etc. Castells 2, 26) All of these challenge patriarchalism by undermining its material and ideological bases, and Castells sees the Christian family as the only source of stability to this order. He claims that American Christian fundamentalism is not a rationalization of class interests, or territorial communal movements, but is rather â€Å"a political process of defense of the moral, Christian values† with the help of images from the past projected into the utop ian future (Castells, 25). Therefore, fundamentalism derives its strength from the American culture with its deep religiosity as well as â€Å"familistic individualism† and pragmatism as a shelter from solitude and uncertainty of the contemporary  world (Castells). Fundamentalism: A Self Sustaining Movement For its participants, fundamentalism began with the formation of the scriptures and its sustainability is inevitable due to its universal validity. The only threat to its existence is the event after which worldly matters are no longer a concern to fundamentalists: the imminent second coming of their savior, Jesus Christ. Until then, fundamentalism continues to exist in the social order as a well-organized, un-relenting, unified movement, fighting to influence American institutions in accordance with their beliefs. And, with America in the midst of major political and religious upheaval, there has never been a better time for fundamentalists to impose a structural change on our society. Concerning its sustainability, the fundamentalist movement has a clear, unwavering set of tenets and goals which can apply to every society. Furthermore, the solidarity of it’s members has been highly influenced by the movement’s ubiquitous enemy: contemporary American culture. Their formation of an oppositional consciousness has been inherent in their basic dogma, and their list of enemies remains lengthy and ever growing. Their political opportunity has also continued to grow in strength, with an increasing number of right-wing conservatives standing behind their cause. This increase in ideological allies has been paired with a decrease in the strength of repression in society, as more and more Americans have become sympathetic to the fundamentalist message. This has been partially due to the post-9/11 need for revenge against a common enemy, which called for Americans to ban together and generally promoted the idea of returning to the â€Å"family. † This idea is further supported today by public figures like Sarah Palin and Glen Beck, the latter of whom is regarded higher in public-opinion than the president himself. Even despite their philosophical differences, evangelicals and fundamentalists have come together in their plight to change the schooling system, in opposition to secular humanism. Together they seek a â€Å"God-centered education that emphasizes character development and spiritual training,† which requires a totally upheaval of the standard American educational system (Rose, 456). They have pressured public schools to remove certain books from classrooms and libraries, to teach scientific creationism alongside (or in place of) evolution, to eliminate sex education entirely, to adopt textbooks that reinforce â€Å"traditional† American values, that can be found in the scriptures and to avoid â€Å"controversial† subjects in the classroom, such as sex or evolution (Rose, 453). Protestants have developed their own branch of Christian schools, which though may not be strictly comprised of fundamentalists, is most popular among the more separatist and conservative wing of the evangelical movement. Since the 1960’s enrollments in non-Catholic religiously affiliated schools, or schools of which the majority are evangelical, have increased some 149 percent (Rose, 454). These schools have been the fastest growing sector of private education, with approximately one million students (K-12) enrolled in roughly ten thousand schools, which equates to 20% of the total private school population. The goal of this alternate form of education is to restore religious authority in society, re-strengthen parental authority, and educate their children while protecting them from â€Å"drug, sex, violence, and the lack of discipline in the public schools† (Rose, 455). The schools form a sort of protective bubble around the fundamentalist youth, limiting their knowledge of diversity and progressive society. At fundamentalist universities, the Bible is the only form of literature that students study, and many times neither group discussion nor essay writing is part of the regular curriculum (Rose, 461). In other words, students read (for the most part) only the Bible, and do not practice the normal skills that an education requires. This singularization of their knowledge successfully teaches children that fundamentalism is not only the right way, but the only way to live. All in all, it is clear that Protestant fundamentalism is concerned with protecting the sanctity of their ideology in every aspect. Worship, education, the family, friends, recreation, etc. must all adhere to a strict set of doctrinal beliefs, which can only be found in their inerrant Bible. Due to their confined nature, there is little room for desegregation with people of other faiths, which helps to perpetuate the distinct roles that women and children play in this sometimes described anti-progressive or anti-modernist movement. In their plight to change the schooling system, fundamentalists have merged with evangelicals to oppose the secular humanism that they consider to be contaminating their children’s minds. Together, they seek a â€Å"God-centered education that emphasizes character development and spiritual training,† which requires a totally upheaval of the standard American educational system (Rose, 456). In addition, their patriarchal communities have restrained the role of women, keeping them solely in the households to raise and sometimes educate their children. Furthermore, children are encouraged to confine their friendships, dating partners and spouses within the church, allowing little room for outward mobilization. For the most part, they constrain their children to educating them only the â€Å"basics† of Protestant fundamentals, and by rearing them in such a male dominated environment, perpetuate an anti-feminist ideology (Hardacre, 134). Conclusion It is the fundamentalist insistence on â€Å"uniformity of belief within ranks and separation from others whose beliefs and lives are suspect† that has shaped a fervently unique demographic (Ammerman, 9). Their determination to accumulate ideological allies through zealous evangelism has taken fundamentalism from being a theological doctrine, to existing as a strong and ever growing social movement. Their separatist nature has led them to develop their own faith-based communities, churches, schools, universities, radio stations, television shows and more. By creating their own neighborhoods and penetrating the education system, fundamentalists have succeeded in mobilizing and growing in size and authority.